In the center of St. Peter's Square stands an obelisk, topped with a cross symbolizing the crucifixion of Jesus. This obelisk was originally located at a circular plaza built by Emperor Caligula to adorn his palace and was brought from Egypt. In 1586, Pope Sixtus V ordered the obelisk to be moved to St. Peter's Square. It is said that this monumental task required the efforts of over 900 workers, 150 horses, and 47 cranes, taking nearly five months to complete.

From an aerial view, you can see that the entire St. Peter's Square is slightly elliptical in shape. Up close, its ground is paved with small black cobblestones. The square is embraced by two semi-circular marble colonnades on each side. These decorative structures of Vatican City are composed of 284 Doric columns and 88 pilasters arranged in four rows, forming three walkways. Atop each column facing the square is a marble statue, each depicting a different saint from the history of the Roman Catholic Church, each with unique expressions and lifelike detail.

St. Peter's Square, located on the west bank of the Tiber River in front of St. Peter's Basilica, is named after the basilica itself. Designed and supervised by the renowned architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini, this is the largest Baroque square in Rome and, along with St. Peter's Basilica, is considered one of the holiest sites in Catholicism. Major religious ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church are often held here, and the square can accommodate up to 500,000 people at a time. If you look closely, you'll notice a gray stone line in front of the square, marking the border between Vatican City and Italy. Interestingly, while most of the Vatican's borders are defined by walls, Italy does not recognize St. Peter's Square as part of Vatican territory, which adds a curious twist to its status. Commissioned by Pope Alexander VII, Bernini's design for St. Peter's Square took eleven years to complete, with the project finishing in 1667. The square features an elliptical layout with three focal points and is paved with small black cobblestones. It is flanked by two semi-circular colonnades, creating a grand trapezoidal space that connects to the main basilica. The colonnades consist of 284 Doric columns and 88 pilasters arranged in four rows, with each column standing 16 meters tall and requiring three to four people to encircle. These colonnades symbolize the "arms of the church" reaching out to embrace the world. Overlooking the square is the "Mater Ecclesiae" statue, a mosaic reproduction from the 15th century. Atop each column in the colonnades stands a marble statue of a saint from Roman Catholic history, each one unique and lifelike. At the center of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, topped with a cross symbolizing the crucifixion of Jesus, said to have been present when St. Peter was crucified upside down. Originally brought from Egypt by the Roman Emperor Caligula to decorate the Circus of Nero, it was moved to its current location in 1586 by order of Pope Sixtus V. The square also features two elaborate fountains on either side. Water shoots upwards from the center, cascading down in two layers: the upper layer forms a mushroom shape, while the lower bowl catches the water, creating a gentle overflow. St. Peter's Square is one of the largest public spaces in the world and epitomizes Baroque style. It can host up to 500,000 people for large religious gatherings. Every Sunday at noon and on significant religious holidays, the Pope appears at the window of his palace overlooking the square to address the crowds.